Agnostic Essays - Philosophy Of Religion, Existence Of God, God

Skeptic I accept that I am skeptic since I don't have the foggiest idea what to think about religion. At the point when it comes to stating whether I trust in God or not, I feel that I have not yet gone to a total comprehension of God's presence. This will in general be an endless loop which continually goes through my head. As far as I can recollect, I was educated through my family and church this being exists, however as I developed more seasoned I started to address whether this god-like being truly exists. How might I accept this being exists when consistently I watch the news and know about all the disaster that is going on the planet. I have been educated through my family and church that God is the maker and incomparable leader of the universe. They additionally instructed me that he has set up specific rules or rules for which we should comply. These are regularly known as the ten charges. We have been informed that on the off chance that we defy these decrees , we will at last take a hike. Besides, on the off chance that we follow these instructions, we will go to paradise and live in harmony everlastingly. We as a whole essentially have the equivalent view of what Heaven and Hell resemble. Paradise is regularly thought of as a perfect world. A place which is delicate, excellent and tranquil. Where there is all out harmony and amicability. Where as Hellfire is known similar to a jail for wrongdoers. Hellfire should be a dull, hot, and desolate place with much wretchedness. A people most noticeably terrible bad dream. As I have gotten more established, I don't really accept that God made these edicts or in these spots. I do accept that they are as yet a great arrangement of gauges and qualities for everybody to live by. In the event that we as people supplicate and hold God to be the omnipotent, How would we be able to understand all of the slaughter, infection, underhandedness and disdain in this world which we live. In the event that God makes, for what reason would he make killers, hoodlums, and attacker? How would we with the exception of every single person biting the dust from ailments, for example, malignant growth and helps. Can we truly express that there is a God, when such a significant number of the youthful have kicked the bucket in war, or who can represent an animal, for example, Hitler. I have seen far to much underhanded in this world to be absolutely certain there is one all-powerful being looking out for and ensuring us. Numerous individuals implore God to get abhorrent far from all who we love. When in all actuality, there is no protection to guard us from abhorrent. Isn't it unexpected that the one that numerous individuals appeal to for absolution has the ability to acquire torment our lives. As I would like to think, God is a picture for us all to turn upward to or take a stab at his flawlessness. Everybody needs to be as flawless as the manner in which we see God as being. Regardless of whether there is no God, this can just improve our reality. All in all, I despite everything have not been persuaded that everything around me has been made by God. Yet, in the event that it brings we all closer and improves the world a much spot, I don't see anything amiss with having it. I accept that every individual ought to escape religion what they need, not what society needs them to receive in return.

Maturity Levels In Characters Essays - English-language Films

Development Levels In Characters Development levels increment and abatement in characters in works of writing and additionally all through one's reality. It's hard for the development level of the individual to remain the equivalent. Ron Jones' The Acorn People, The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens and The Loved One by Evelyn Waugh plainly show the level of development in characters in a work of writing. Ron Jones in The Acorn People shows a low development level when first showing up at the day camp, however later his development level expanded into a more elevated level. Laura Wingfield's character in The Glass Menagerie was very timid all through the majority of the play. Before the finish of the play, Laura had the option to hold a discussion with her old pound, Jim O'Connor. Sydney Carton of A Tale of Two Cities demonstrated an ascent is his development level when he replaced Charles Darnay in the jail cell so that Lucie (Sydney's genuine romance) would have the option to be with her significant other. Aimee Thanatogenos of The Loved One.... An individual can be portrayed as develop when the individual in question has developed genuinely and intellectually, and has shown the capacity to be answerable for his/her activities. Regardless of whether it's an expansion or lessening of development level, an adjustment in it generally shows a change in character and disposition. Ron Jones' development level soared after he turned into a camp guide at Camp Wiggin and he likewise had a significant mentality change alongside that. Ron had set himself in the camp advisor position simply for a decent paying activity. In school he was a competitor, and playing with kids all day, swimming, and taking long climbs had additionally attracted him to the activity. Little did he know this meeting of camp, was for the impeded children. Ron, alongside the different instructors, were not prepared for these sorts of undertakings that they needed to manage, with the debilitated children and before the finish of the principal evening Ron needed out. His mentality was negative towards the circumstance he was placed in and he felt that he would not have the option to draw near with these children. The following day was better for him and all through the following barely any days he gradually became more acquainted with and love the children. Ron came to understand that this camp was a spot for kids and their desires and dreams for life(46), regardless of on the off chance that they were incapacitated or not. Ron Jones' development level developed and developed every day as he worked with these children. Before the finish of that meeting of camp he had a total demeanor change and his level of development had expanded a lot. That change for Ron Jones was a change just for the great, similarly as Laura Wingfield's was. The character of Laura Wingfield unquestionably indicated a conspicuous increment of development level in the play, The Glass Menagerie. Laura was an amazingly timid young lady, it was a sort of infection she had. Her mom sent her to Rubicam's Business College with the expectation that Laura would have the option to hold a vocation and not need to rely upon a spouse. The class scared her to the point of making her truly sick so Laura quit heading off to the class. She didn't have the development level of a grown-up and couldn't deal with a basic circumstance, for example, that one. Another indication of a low development level was Laura's assortment ofglass zoological display. A young lady in her late 20's claiming an assortment of glass zoological display is very specific, and not extremely normal, however Laura had one! Laura discovered that there was to be a courteous fellow guest one night and she became very anxious, yet when she at that point discovered this honorable man guest was Jim O'Connor and old secondary school squash she was unable to deal with it. She could scarcely indeed, even open the entryway for Jim and Tom when they were attempting to go into the house. While Tom, Jim, and Amanda had supper together, Laura laid on the love seat in light of the fact that seeing her old pound caused her to feel sick. Before long, after supper, Jim joined Laura for a little discussion and which in the first place she was fantastically peaceful yet at that point extricated up to him. She started talking and soon enough they kissed! Laura taking part in a discussion with her old pulverize indicated a critical increment in her development level. She didn't black out during it or become genuinely wiped out, and she even had a fabulous time

Sparco Paints Essay Example for Free

Sparco Paints Essay Sika Paint Industries (Pvt) Limited is the producer of the main brand â€Å"SPARCO† generally known by its trademark SPARCO Paints in the local and the universal market. Sika has consistently and logically walked into fresher statures of prominence and achievements in the past over two many years of its assessment. The organization was established by Malik Muhammad Javaid Iqbal in 1988 as a sole ownership concern drove its quick development with dynamism to make it a private constrained organization in 2004. From that point onward, the universe of potential outcomes has came constantly around for the organization. Dynamic Success From an independent company to a unique undertaking, Sika Paint Industries has reliably walked through significant foundations of its industry, increasing various achievements and across the country acknowledgment surprisingly. The organization has fulfilled the developing need of its enormous industry through consistent improvement of its item go bringing about a significant piece of the pie as well as a bigger base of steadfast clients having great remaining with them. Throughout the years, the nature of its image Sparco Paints has stayed solid and takes into account both the nearby and global fare showcase. Our Reasons of Growth Among its numerous achievement factors, the sending of innovation, development and strong promoting and marking exercises have prompted the quick development of Sparco Paints. The organization focuses fundamentally on enlivening, mechanical, auto, wood completions and street stamping paints for which the organization possesses the cutting edge producing foundation outfitted with most recent apparatus and research facility offices. Focus of Effective Research The organization effectively connects state-of-the-art research to help the monetary estimation of its paints and endeavors to improve its item quality as time passes. The broad research for inventive item information and strategies to design the item quality continually empowers its reality. The organization has occupied with consistent looking into for best practices for the item advancement and subsequently fruitful in totally holding its esteemed clients. Having gotten the ISO 9001:2008 quality control standard affirmation for its unequaled quality, the organization actualizes its mind boggling quality confirmation strategies at all assembling stages including the obtainment of crude material, its taking care of, work in progress, pressing, completing and the auspicious conveyance of finished results to the client. The organization solidly accepts on giving the paint results of premium quality with extraordinary specialized help and shading warning administrations. The organization vows to offer brilliant support and accomplish its targets through experienced and very much prepared experts of the business and serious valuing.

Effect of Technology on HRM Coursework - 1375 Words

Effect of Technology on HRM (Coursework Sample) Content: Diversity: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENTNameInstitutionImpact of technology on Human Resource management(a) Overview of the trend.With more eyes on HR trend technology than ever before, there are rapid changes that are taking place. Until the recent past, most human resource information systems have developed in-house approaches to support more complex businesses. Technology has shifted the role of the project manager to that of a consultant to an increasing number of HR systems (Wang frank, 2013).HRM and technology have a broad range of influences on each other, and HR professionals and personnel must adopt technology that allows re-engineering of the HR function.Despite the rapid advances in HRM, the rapid changes in the information technology, most human resources, information process and systems in use today are older. In additional, to the study of 712 members of the association of Human resource systems professionals reported by Nielson, the age of core HRM s ystems is 5.5 years before the time purchase. It is reasonable that companies will hesitate to revamp their HR systems without considerable thought. The reason is that; time, cost and resources to implement a new system and process can be extensive. The study showed that, for companies with 600 employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ records, the time to implementation was nine months and for companies with 30000 employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ records the time to implementation was 17 months.Technology has provided a proper managerial climate for innovation and knowledge based businesses. Most of the companies have used the technological techniques in the HR function. The companies have already adopted the technology have already enhanced the effectiveness, speed and cost containment. Virtual HR is emerging because of the growing nature of IT and increased structural options. The main impact of being that, it has created an IT based workplace. One of the results of IT is that, it enables the creation of an IT à ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬based workplace which should lead to what the managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s top priority, the strategic competence management. Advances in IT will hold the promise of meeting the many challenges of more strategic HR personnel and managing the available resources of technological change in the future. Improvement in IT holds to meet and improve challenges of HRM as attracting, motivating, and retaining employees and meeting the demands for more strategic HR function (Wang frank, 2013).(b) Current literatureThe study carried out indicates that more than 90 % of the HR departments operate efficiently in an improved form of computerized Human resource management. In a research carried out by the Institute of manpower research, shows that a number of key changes were identified to have a positive impact on the use of technology. The changes included the development of the HR function which resulted in the closure of many centralized IT function. Today, many and the majority of the H R function are networked. The value ERP is its ability to integrate other functions with HR function under one vendor and the general HR standards. In the most of the leading ERP, systems, some of the ERP software systems permit the use of software allows the use of the internet to reduce transaction costs. Statistics show that ERP software was used to track the movement of 5000 employees across 100 locations and calculate their salaries accurately; the processing was considered effective because the cycle time was reduced from four days to four hours. The accurate, time efficient information delivered to the managers improved the quality and the speed in decision making. Currently, one of the key values of an organization management process in organizations is that they force companies to adopt an advanced cross function view of the organization, and it also leads to the integration of the information and processes (Wang frank, 2013).A recent development in the functionality o f the HRM systems has moved client /server based systems to web based systems. The result is new options for the self-service routine for various HR functions. The main challenge in the e-HR is the alignment of the processes in the HR function according to the future e-business challenge. Currently, in most companies, a change from e-HR from a paper intensive environment represents a significant cultural change and more specifically to the employees. The systems offer different search capabilities such as those for conducting organization in researches related to human resource management and the main result generation options. According to research conducted last year, more than 80% of the respondents used or had plans to use an HR portal. Organizations are using HR portals for company communication (70 %) incumbent policy and procedures, (25%), training (35%), HR record keeping (22%) and other areas like employment information and recruitment use 5 percent (Wang frank, 2013).(c) How companies should deal with it.Technology has many advantages to companies. Application of digital technology can minimize administrative costs, lowering speed response times, increased productivity and enhanced customer service. Effective management of human resources and employees has a vital role to fulfil in the performance, delivery and success of companies. The application of IT includes recruitments and selection, training and development, pay and benefits and emphasis on key HRM strategies. The current research shows that, IT has a significant...

Female Empowerment By William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay

The topic of female empowerment is a prominent issue in modern day society. The idea behind this rapidly growing movement involves the creation of an environment for women where they can make decisions of their own, for personal and societal benefit. Conversely in the Elizabethan Era, during which William Shakespeare s Hamlet was written, the societal role of women was divergent to our current beliefs. The play follows young prince Hamlet s revengeful journey to avenge his father s murder by his uncle Claudius; throughout which, we see the protagonist constantly delaying his revenge due to excessive contemplation and perpetual doubt. The two major female roles in the play are Hamlet s mother, Queen Gertrude, and his lover, Ophelia. Throughout the play, these women are silenced to represent how they could be manipulated to serve the male characters best interests; additionally it emphasizes the patriarchal standards during the Elizabethan era. Ophelia is manipulated by Polonius who i nsists she conserve her innocence from Hamlet s provocative interest. Additionally, Claudius manipulates Gertrude to gain access of the throne and continually ensures she perceives matters that concern her son Hamlet through his point of view. Finally, Hamlet himself seems to develop into a misogynistic character and humiliates Gertrude and Ophelia to further his revenge plot; specifically his apparent madness. Ophelia is manipulated many times throughout the play to serve the maleShow MoreRelatedOphelia And Feminism Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Hamlet Written by William Shakespeare Ophelia is objectified based upon her gender and virginity by her brother Laertes, and is cast aside and treated like a powerless second class citizen by Hamlet. The Oxford Dictionary defines feminism as â€Å"The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of the equality of the sexes.† Applying the feminist ideal as stated in the previous definition to Ophelia’s situation we can reach the conclusion that Ophelia was not treated with the respect and givenRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1931 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare is an English Poet known for his famous dramatized writings. Shakespeare was born in the United Kingdom in April. Here are some of his legendary texts: â€Å"Macbeth†, â€Å"Julius Caesar†, and â€Å"Hamlet†. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet† was written during the sixteenth century and was performed in 1609. Shakespeare writes this tragedy to reveal the roles of women during the Middle Ages. Back then females were referred as noblewomen and were expected to do the following: run households, take careRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structure s, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from theRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesis all about the firm trying to sell products to the public, the audience themselves have become a valuable commodity to the advertisers †¢ E.g. A 30 second advertising slot during Oscar Ceremony costs $US1million as it promises 60% of American female viewership Overexposure has caused desensitization and advertising messages work into our conscious †¢ Almost every physical surface that can be used is exploited for advertising (e.g. athletes as walking billboards (F1 drivers), surface of products)

Essay on A Passage to India - 1304 Words

There are people bustling, merchants selling, Anglo-Indians watching, and birds flying overhead. How many perspectives are there in this one snippet of life? They are uncountable, and that is the reality. Modernist writers strive to emulate this type of reality into their own work as well. In such novels, there is a tendency to lack a chronological or even logical narrative and there are also frequent breaks in narratives where the perspectives jump from one to another without warning. Because there are many points of view and not all of them are explained, therefore, modernist novels often tend to have narrative perspectives that suddenly shift or cause confusion. This is because modernism has always been an experimental form of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"’I’m tired of seeing picturesque figures pass before me as a frieze,’ the girl explained. ‘It was wonderful when we landed, but that superficial glamour soon goes, ‘† (26) Adela arr ives in India in an excited state and believes that she will be able to see the true India. However, â€Å"her impressions were of no interest to the Collector, he was only concerned to give her a good time† (26). Sometimes, the narration can switch abruptly between multiple people without any prior warning whatsoever so that the true feelings felt by the speakers can be fully expressed in the writing. At one point, Aziz, Ronny, and Fielding all converse with one another, but each of them see a different situation unfolding before them. Ronny wished to lash back at Aziz but â€Å"it was his job to avoid ‘incidents,’ so he said nothing, and ignored the provocation that Aziz continued to offer. Aziz was provocative† (82). To Ronny, an invitation to sit down and join them has become a â€Å"provocation† (82). However, the narrative suddenly jumps to Aziz when it says that â€Å"[he] did not mean to be impertinent to Mr. Heaslop, who had never done hi m harm before comfort could be regained.† (82). In Aziz’s perspective, he is trying his best to be hospitable to Ronny, despite knowing Ronny’s hate for him. To each man, his own thoughts were the truth. Thus, the views are directly compared to one another and suggest that there can be truth in multiple ways and perspectives. TheseShow MoreRelatedSummary Of A Passage Of India 1404 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Journey To India In the novel, A Passage to India, E.M. Forster describes how the heritage and civilization of India profoundly differs from England when a class of English set foot in Indian territory with detrimental effects to follow. Introduction Cultural Background of India and England Entering the Caves Detrimental Effects Courthouse Letters with Aziz Assumptions Conclusion Ameera Salman Mrs.King AP English 11 December 2, 2014 The novel, A Passage to India, starts off by statingRead More A passage to india Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages E.M. Forsters A Passage to India concerns the relations between the English and the native population of India during the colonial period in which Britain ruled India. The novel takes place primarily in Chandrapore, a city along the Ganges River notable only for the nearby Marabar caves. The main character of the novel is Dr. Aziz, a Moslem doctor in Chandrapore and widower. After he is summoned to the Civil Surgeons home only to be promptly ignored, Aziz visits a local Islamic temple where heRead MoreA Passage to India: Imperialism1677 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss Forster’s portrayal of Imperialism in the novel a passage to India A passage to India by E.M.Forster is a novel which deals largely with the political, economic and social takeover of India by the British Crown. The novel deals widely with colonialism and more specifically, imperialism. Forster presents the theme in question through the lives and minds of the characters from both the Indians and the English people. There is no subjective undertone to the novel and we see clearly how eachRead MoreA Passage to India by Forster650 Words   |  3 PagesIn the novel, A Passage to India, Forster expresses this male dominance by writing, â€Å"He took no notice of them, and with this, which would have passed without comment in feminist England, did harm in a community where the male is expected to be lively and helpful† (Forster 52). They say that to be female is to be passive, agreeable, timid, emotional, and conventional. The feminist theorists’ argument of a male centered society is definitely present in the novel A Passage to India. E.M. ForsterRead MoreThe Film Of A Passage Of India1749 Words   |  7 Pagessuch as E. M. Forster’s, A Passage to India. Each reader has their own perspective of what the characters are supposed to be like and it is the director’s job to try their hardest to please everyone and give an accurate representation of the text. David Lean did a fantastic job with his casting decisions for his 1984 film version of A Passage to India. In fact, Lean manages to clarify the novel’s intentions. The characterization in David Lean’s film of A Passage to India mirrors the novel’s originalRead More A Passage To India Essays1069 Words   |  5 Pages A Passage to India A Passage to India entails various social criticisms and political matters that are among the human race. The setting of the story takes place in India where the British have colonized the city of Chandrapore. The British had no respect for the native culture and race that inhabit this region even thought they were the original inhabitants. Miss Quested and Mrs. Moore begin their passage to India in order to attend the marriage of Miss Quested. Miss Quested plans on being unitedRead MoreNature in a Passage to India1435 Words   |  6 PagesNature in A Passage to India Nature is everywhere. This universal idea inspires many authors to emphasize nature’s role in the human world and to highlight how the human world affects nature. A Passage to India, written by E.M. Forster, does just that. In many instances throughout the book, Forster stresses human struggles and how these coexist with nature. While doing this, Forster also illustrates the resentment and friendship shared between the two ethnic groups in the novel. He successfullyRead MoreA Passage to India Analysis1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe reflection of fear and hope problem in is a book published in 1924 by E.M Forster which portrays the colonized India under the rule of Britain and further explores the problem whether it’s possible that friendship can be established regardless of the separation of religions and social status. The question deals with the emotion of fear and hope and also the roles they play in the novel. Both of the two emotions here not merely refer to the feelings but also, they reflect the different personalRead MoreAnalysis Of A Passage Of India 1253 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing the â€Å"refusal to inherit the modern novel†, I would like to point out the contradictions of character and the motifs being displayed are both important to this scene in the essence of the theme of our course. In â€Å"A Passage to India† by E.M. Forster, the story takes place in India during a time when they were fighting for their independence. The scene I chose to look at in great detail was in Chapter XXIX (29). Fielding has been conversing with Miss Quested as she stays in the college and growsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book A Passage Of India 1145 Words   |  5 PagesE.M. Forster’s classic novel â€Å"A Passage to India† tells the story of a young doctor, Dr. Aziz, and his interactions with the British citizens who are residing in India during the time of the British Raj. Throughout the novel, the reader gets many different viewpoints on the people and the culture of India during this point in history. The reader sees through the eyes of the Indian people primarily through the character of Dr. Aziz, and the perceptions of the British through the characters of Mr.

Illegal Surveillance Despite Anonymity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Illegal Surveillance Despite Anonymity. Answer: Introduction In the report, the ethical issue that has been discussed here is illegal surveillance of user data despite anonymity. The usage of World Wide Web to hide the personal information of an individual from the websites they have visited is known as anonymous web browsing. By sending the web activity information through a number of routers, a user can easily browse the web anonymously. But this does not guarantee server anonymity as the data is vulnerable to traffic analysis (Jardine, 2015). An ethical issue rises here against the tracking of data without the authorization of the user. It raises an ethical issue about personal information privacy as the data from the browser plugins and cookies can be used to track the user even if the user has hidden his or her IP address. Problem Action Consequences Techniques Identified ethical problems Despite the usage of proxy sites and anonymous servers, the internet users are repeatedly monitored by government authorities in the name of protection. Cyber criminals have misused the anonymity provided by the proxy servers to perform illegal activities but the consequences of their action has trickled down on the common public. Without proper authorization from the users, the authorities collect personal information to get hold of the criminals which has created an ethical issue (Kandpal Singh, 2013). The ethical dilemma occurs when the question rises about whether the remote monitoring of the public information to catch a handful of criminals is justifiable or not. Reason for the ethical problems A common misconception is that anonymity helps to encourage disinhibition and is often abused by cyber criminals to get into dishonest activities. As the proxy is not aware of the IP address of the user, the information can be turned over to other users. If the user is not using a secure connection to the proxy server, other individuals can easily monitor the web activities of the individual (Yar, 2013). Hackers often use free proxy servers to lure individuals to use the service and steal their personal information. For example, in US, a cyber-attack from the Chinese was used as a key argument to formulate the CISPA or Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act which will allow the authorities to check personal information of users without the need of a warrant (Ablon, Libicki Golay, 2014). The internal as well as cyber-attacks to national security is used to justify the governments surveillance measures on normal users. The freedom of expression of the user is highly diminished in these cases which raises an ethical consideration. In many countries, people cannot access internet (in cyber cafes also) without proper identification and the cyber cafes as well as ISPs are obligated to maintain logs of the users browsing history. These illegal mass surveillance of data and computers creates a data interference that affects a huge number of users. People responsible The people responsible for creating this ethical issue is the government and the hackers who use unscrupulous methods to collect user information. Without the consent of the individuals, the government utilizes mass surveillance to track the personal data of the user when clearly the user does not want anyone to track his or her activities but in this modern digital age, nothing remains confined which is a huge ethical issue that must be addressed (Reddy, Reddy, 2014). Hackers use spywares and bots to collect personal information despite the usage of anonymous software which is a major issue. People affected The web information (the computer information and the IP address) of an individual becomes visible in the server of the target web page when the individual opens a particular web page. This data is utilized to track the individual. Even if the individual uses a VPN or proxy server, it can be avoided by using an improper browser (Hyman, 2013). These particular servers work by not sending information from the user directly but by sending a request to the target browser. The anonymous servers work by putting a proxy (anonymous in nature) between the website and the user and can be used to bypass restrictions where particular site is blocked in a particular school, office or country. Users make use of this feature to protect their personal identity. Strategies to counter the issue It can be accomplished with the help of VPNs or Virtual private networks, anonymous programs such as Tor and proxy servers. The anonymous web server are used for two reasons primarily. Firstly, it helps the user to get access to certain parts of the webpage which are not accessible and secondly, it allow the user to bypass any application that blocks the web site accessibility (Loader Thomas, 2013). This helps the individual feel secure. Other solutions such as using Hidemyass.com helps to provide a triple bypass layer to mitigate the history of the web activity that the user is conducting enabling him to remain completely anonymous. Better action The better action of this ethical dilemma would be for the government to acknowledge the mass surveillance program on the common people and ask whether or not they are ready to share their personal information in the name of security. The government might face a huge backlash after this revelation but ethically it is the right thing to do. Other actions The government should organise a meeting with the IT experts as well as conduct a project whether mass surveillance is a feasible action for mitigating this issue. Citizens will always choose security over anything else and the government must realize that being a democracy, opinions may vary from person to person. The option to install infrastructures for proper surveillance should be also explored by the authorities as well (Broadhurst et al., 2014). Person to take the best action The government officials are the only people who can take the best action related to this ethical dilemma. The related IT experts and people who are related to the ethical dilemma such as the stakeholders can also help in mitigating this ethical issue by voicing their concerns and providing possible solutions. Implications of the best action Although the counter measures that are enforced for cyber criminals by the government (to track user data) may affect the private users for using private enhanced technologies, the measures are equally justified in certain cases. The scale of cyber-attacks have doubled in the past few years. To protect the rights of citizens, the government have to employ counter measures and tracking mechanisms for finding out the point of origin of the attack. This cannot be done simultaneously while protecting the citizens right as well as the attackers (Choo, Grabosky, 2013). As users are getting aware of the risks of cyber-attacks, more people are wanting adequate safeguards from the concerned authorities for protecting their data. Although the private users may get affected due to the counter measures, it can prove beneficial for the entire community in the long run. Consequences to the stake holders The consequences of the best action will be an overall justifiable mass surveillance system that collects user information after the consent of the user. The system will incorporate advanced technologies which can collect personal information up to a certain extent (Reddy, Reddy, 2014). Hackers will rejoice the consequences as their internet blueprint will be reduced but the users will also enjoy the new system knowing that no one is checking their personal information without their consent. Conclusion To conclude the report, it can be stated that discontinuation of openly expressing public opinions can result in violation of democratic rights of the individual. Although the anonymous services can be used to steal private data and the government can justify their mass surveillance in one way or the other, accessing private information without the users permission creates an ethical dilemma which can be thoroughly debated by both parties. Understanding the threats is the first step in mitigating the dilemma and prepare for the future where no one have to think about whether they are tracked 24x7. Realizing the benefits of anonymity can help the online communities to understand the utilitarian benefits of the service and enable them to use their rights of privacy and freedom of expression in a proper way. References Ablon, L., Libicki, M. C., Golay, A. A. (2014).Markets for cybercrime tools and stolen data: Hackers' bazaar. Rand Corporation. Anderson, R., Barton, C., Bhme, R., Clayton, R., Van Eeten, M. J., Levi, M., ... Savage, S. (2013). Measuring the cost of cybercrime. InThe economics of information security and privacy(pp. 265-300). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Broadhurst, R., Grabosky, P., Alazab, M., Bouhours, B., Chon, S. (2014). An analysis of the nature of groups engaged in cyber crime. Choo, K. K. R., Grabosky, P. (2013). Cyber crime. Hyman, P. (2013). Cybercrime: it's serious, but exactly how serious?.Communications of the ACM,56(3), 18-20. Jardine, E. (2015). Global cyberspace is safer than you think: real trends in cybercrime.Browser Download This Paper. Kandpal, V., Singh, R. K. (2013). Latest Face of Cybercrime and Its Prevention In India.International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,2(4), 150-156. Loader, B. D., Thomas, D. (Eds.). (2013).Cybercrime: Security and surveillance in the information age. Routledge. Reddy, G. N., Reddy, G. J. (2014). A Study of Cyber Security Challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1842. Yar, M. (2013).Cybercrime and society. Sage.

The Story Of English Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Story Of English Essay, Research Paper The Story of English Many people may inquire, # 8221 ; What is the Bayeux Tapestry? # 8221 ; In the undermentioned paragraphs, the significance of the Bayeux Tapestry will be recognized. First of all it should be understood that it is non a Tapestry in the full sense of the word. It is an embellishment. It was constucted from eight separate pieces of linen which were joined to do up it s length. It is about 70 metres long and a half a metre broad. It is apparent that at one phase it ws longer, likely by every bit much as seven or eight metres are losing. This is a calamity as it may hold answered many of the inquiries that gives cause for argument today. It is by and large agreed that Bishop Odo was the designer who commisioned the Bayeux Tapestry. It was designed and constructed moderately shortly after the conflict in 1066. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story Of English Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was made without any shadow of a uncertainty to observe and record for descendants the events taking up to conflict and its wake. If it is moderately confident that Bishop Odo commissioned the Tapestry, argument still reigns as where to it was constructed, and by whom. It fundamentally comes down to the commitments. If one is Gallic, they would wish to believe that it was made in France. There are so many hints in its building that indicate otherwise. Whereas it is known as the Bayeux Tapestry in England, it is sometimes referred to in France as the Tapisserie de la reine Mathilde or Queen Matilda s Tapestry. Matilda, one will retrieve, was William s married woman. To deduce that she and she entirely constructed this work of art defies all credibleness. As Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy, she would neer hold had the clip. Another factor which excludes her from the equation is that she does non look in it herself ( although she may hold been in the missing subdivision ) . So if you discount the building being undertaken in France, where was it made? Over the old ages, the Tapestry has been studied by experts in this field and the consensus of sentiment is that it was of English building. Certain historical facts of the clip and characteristics of the Tapestry indicate where it was made. Following the conflict in 1066, Bishop Odo was made Earl of Kent. This was partially because he was William s half brother and secondly because William was responsibility edge to refund the trueness of his Lords. Another inquiry comes to mind, who designed it? This is a more hard inquiry to reply. If one stands back and expression at the Tapestry as a whole, they can comprehend a certain flow which indicates an artistic feeling in so much as the design was by one individual. Be this individual male or female? Certain scenes in the Tapestry are graphic and bloody during the conflict. It seems impossible that a adult female would be able to comprehend some of the seems depicted without being at the conflict. It seems to unreal that a adult female would be able to comprehend some of the seems depicted without really at the conflict. It ws most likely designed by a adult male, who was Gallic, and who perchance was involved in or was an eyewitness to the conflict. The Tapestry that exists today covers the reaching of Harold in Normandy and concludes with his decease and licking of the English. Some of the scenes depicted are private, such as the decease of Edward the Confesssor and Harold curse over holy relics. This information had to be gathered and placed in chronological order. No 1 adult male could hold been involved in this exercising. As stated earlier, the Tapestr Y was constructed out of eight strips of linen. Whether each subdivision was made seperately or run up together first is unknown. The designs were perchance lightly drawn on the linen and the embriodery topographic points on top. Like so many artefacts, the Bayeux Tapestry survived through fortune and through certain persons and groups. Following its building in the decennary following the conflict, the exact day of the month or clip it took to build is non known, it was transported to Bayeux. Here it is assumed, it was put on show in the church of Notre Dame, which was consecrated by Bishop Odo in 1077. The Tapestry remained within the Cathedral walls for the following 400 old ages. Small is known or involvement shown for another 300 old ages. However, involvement began to mount around 1750 in England where it was referred to in a work entitled the Palaeographia Britainnicus. No effort was made to look into it farther by the English. In 1792, the seeds of the civil war has been sown. The Tapestry was in danger when the Gallic revolution begun. It was at this clip that the really existance of this masterpeice held in the balance. But for the actions of one adult male, a Lambert Leonard Leforestier, it would h old been lost. The people of Bayeux now contending for the Republic used cloth to cover their waggons. There was a deficit of fabric until person remembered a supply if it in the Cathedral. It was removed and used to cover a waggon, When Lambert saw what was happenning, he replaced the Tapestry with the other fabric. The people of Bayeux, determined neer to let this to go on once more, the metropolis council set up all right humanistic disciplines council to protect its hoarded wealths. It was merely every bit good that they did because two old ages subsequently in 1794, it was once more to be cut up and used as ornament for a public vacation. In 1803 it was removed under protest by Napoleon and transpoted to Paris. Napoleon used the Tapestry as insinspiration for his planned onslaught on his natural enemy Engalnd. When this was aborted, it was returned to the people of Bayeux. Frightened of losing the Tapestry, the council kept the Tapestry on a coil. This tended to stretch the embellishment but at lest it was safe. In 1818, the being of the Tapestry was doing great involvement in England. To this terminal, an English draftsman was sent to Bayeux to inspect and catalogue it. By inspecting every pin hole, he devised a plan of Restoration. In 1842, fixs were affected in Bayeux. The Tapestry was once more removed in 1870 during the Franco Prussian was but returned to its glorification 2 old ages subsequently. Here it remained on show until 1913 prior to the eruption of World War 1 ehere it was once more removed and stored in a safe topographic point. The same action occured during the secon Worl War, it was removed for safe maintaining and out of the custodies of Nazi Germany who intended to roll up art from conquered states. On the 6th of June 1944, a rearward invasion took topographic point. This was known as D. Day. To avoid the Tapestry from being damaged during the struggle, it was in secret moved to the Louvre in Paris where it was stored in their vaults. Following the resignation of Germany, the Tapestry was displayed once more in Paris in all its glorification. The undermentioned twelvemonth it was returned to Bayeux under legal power of the municiple library. Today it is on show in Bayeux and can be viewed by the general populace. The Tapestry was designed and constructed moderately shortly after the conflict in 1066. It was made without any shadow of a uncertainty to observe and record for descendants the events taking up to conflict and its wake.

A Brief History of the Cuban Revolution

A Brief History of the Cuban Revolution In the final days of 1958, ragged rebels began the process of driving out forces loyal to Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. By New Year’s Day 1959, the nation was theirs, and Fidel Castro, Chà © Guevara, Raà ºl Castro, Camilo Cienfuegos, and their companions rode triumphantly into Havana and history. The revolution began long before, however, and the eventual rebel triumph was the result of many years of hardship, guerrilla warfare, and propaganda battles. Transcendental Graphics / Getty Images Batista Seizes Power The revolution began in 1952 when former Army Sergeant Fulgencio Batista seized power during a hotly contested election. Batista had been president from 1940 to 1944 and ran for president in 1952. When it became apparent that he would lose, he seized power before the elections, which were canceled. Many people in Cuba were disgusted by his power grab, preferring Cuba’s democracy, as flawed as it was. One such person was rising political star Fidel Castro, who would likely have won a seat in Congress had the 1952 elections taken place. Castro immediately began plotting Batista’s downfall. Assault on Moncada On the morning of July 26, 1953, Castro made his move. For a revolution to succeed, he needed weapons, and he selected the isolated Moncada barracks as his target. 138 men attacked the compound at dawn: it was hoped that the element of surprise would make up for the rebels’ lack of numbers and arms. The attack was a fiasco almost from the start, and the rebels were routed after a firefight that lasted a few hours. Many were captured. Nineteen federal soldiers were killed; the remaining ones took out their anger on captured rebels, and most of them were shot. Fidel and Raul Castro escaped  but were captured later. 'History Will Absolve Me' The Castros and surviving rebels were put on public trial. Fidel, a trained lawyer, turned the tables on the Batista dictatorship by making the trial about the power grab. Basically, his argument was that as a loyal Cuban, he had taken up arms against the dictatorship because it was his civic duty. He made long speeches and the government belatedly tried to shut him up by claiming he was too ill to attend his own trial. His most famous quote from the trial was, â€Å"History will absolve me.† He was sentenced to 15 years in prison  but had become a nationally recognized figure and a hero to many poor Cubans. Mexico and the Granma In May 1955 the Batista government, bending to international pressure to reform, released many political prisoners, including those who had taken part in the Moncada assault. Fidel and Raul Castro went to Mexico to regroup and plan the next step in the revolution. There they met up with many disaffected Cuban exiles who joined the new â€Å"26th of July Movement,† named after the date of the Moncada assault. Among the new recruits were charismatic Cuban exile Camilo Cienfuegos and Argentine doctor Ernesto â€Å"Chà ©Ã¢â‚¬  Guevara. In November  1956, 82 men crowded onto the tiny yacht Granma and set sail for Cuba and revolution. In the Highlands Batista’s men had learned of the returning rebels and ambushed them. Fidel and Raul made it into the wooded central highlands with only a handful of survivors from Mexico; Cienfuegos and Guevara were among them. In the impenetrable highlands, the rebels regrouped, attracting new members, collecting weapons, and staging guerrilla attacks on military targets. Try as he might, Batista could not root them out. The leaders of the revolution permitted foreign journalists to visit and interviews with them were published around the world. The Movement Gains Strength As the July 26th movement gained power in the mountains, other rebel groups took up the fight as well. In the cities, rebel groups loosely allied with Castro carried out hit-and-run attacks and nearly succeeded in assassinating Batista. Batista decided on a bold move: he sent a large portion of his army into the highlands in the summer of 1958 to try and flush out Castro once and for all. The move backfired: the nimble rebels carried out guerrilla attacks on the soldiers, many of whom switched sides or deserted. By the end of 1958, Castro was ready to deliver the knockout punch. Underwood Archives / Getty Images Castro Tightens the Noose In late 1958 Castro divided his forces, sending Cienfuegos and Guevara into the plains with small armies; Castro followed them with the remaining rebels. The rebels captured towns and villages along the way, where they were greeted as liberators. Cienfuegos captured the small garrison at Yaguajay on Dec. 30. Defying the odds, Guevara and 300 weary rebels defeated a much larger force at the city of Santa Clara on December 28–30, capturing valuable munitions in the process. Meanwhile, government officials were negotiating with Castro, trying to salvage the situation and halt the bloodshed. Victory for the Revolution Batista and his inner circle, seeing that Castro’s victory was inevitable, took what loot they could gather up and fled. Batista authorized some of his subordinates to deal with Castro and the rebels. The people of Cuba took to the streets, joyfully greeting the rebels. Cienfuegos and Guevara and their men entered Havana on January 2nd and disarmed the remaining military installations. Castro made his way into Havana slowly, pausing in every town, city, and village along the way to give speeches to the cheering crowds, finally entering Havana on January 9th. Aftermath and Legacy The Castro brothers quickly consolidated their power, sweeping away all remnants of the Batista regime and muscling out all of the rival rebel groups that had aided them in their rise to power. Raul Castro and Chà © Guevara were put in charge of organizing squads to bring to trial and execute Batista era war criminals who had engaged in torture and murder under the old regime. Although Castro first positioned himself as a nationalist, he soon gravitated toward communism and openly courted the leaders of the Soviet Union. Communist Cuba would be a thorn in the side of the United States for decades, triggering international incidents such as the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United States imposed a trade embargo in 1962 that led to years of hardship for the Cuban people. Under Castro, Cuba has become a player on the international stage. The prime example is its intervention in Angola: thousands of Cuban troops were sent there in the 1970s to support a leftist movement. The Cuban revolution inspired revolutionaries throughout Latin America as idealistic young men and women took up arms to try and change hated governments for new ones. The results were mixed. In Nicaragua, rebel Sandinistas eventually did overthrow the government and come to power. In the southern part of South America, the upswing in Marxist revolutionary groups such as Chiles MIR and Uruguays Tupamaros led to right-wing military governments seizing power; Chilean dictator  Augusto Pinochet is a prime example. Working together through Operation Condor, these repressive governments waged a war of terror on their own citizens. The Marxist rebellions were stamped out, but many innocent civilians died as well. Cuba and the United States, meanwhile, maintained an antagonistic relationship well into the first decade of the 21st century. Waves of migrants fled the island nation over the years, transforming the ethnic makeup of Miami and South Florida; in 1980 alone, more than 125,000 Cubans fled in makeshift boats in what came to be known as the Mariel Boatlift. After Fidel In 2008, the aging Fidel Castro stepped down as president of Cuba, installing his brother Raul in power. During the next five years, the government gradually loosened its tight restrictions on foreign travel and also began allowing some private economic activity among its citizens. The U.S. also began to engage Cuba under the direction of President Barack Obama, and by 2015 announced that the long-standing embargo would gradually be loosened.   The announcement resulted in a surge of travel from the U.S. to Cuba and more cultural exchanges between the two nations. However, with the election of Donald Trump as president in 2016, the relationship between the two countries is in flux. Fidel Castro died on Nov. 25, 2016.  Raà ºl Castro announced municipal elections for October 2017, and Cubas National Assembly officially confirmed Miguel Dà ­az-Canel as Cuba’s new head of state.

The Success Story of Dell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Success Story of Dell - Essay Example So, we had to prove that what we had was better. And that forced us to invent a lot of new ways of doing things that delivered a lot better value. And so we looked all across the supply chain and the demand chain for innovations that would drive success for our customers (Michael Dell quoted at Holzner, 2005, 29). Dell, the world’s premier, and most profitable computer hardware technology company is engaged in manufacture and sale of a vast variety of IT related products including personal computers, servers, data storage devices, computer peripherals, laptops, notebooks, netbooks, network switches, displays, projectors, monitors, and televisions. The consumer class notebooks and desktops are sold under the brand names of Dimension, Studio, Inspiron, and XPS, while the commercial class desktops The product portfolio of Dell also includes software, managed services, professional services, and training and certification services. Besides, Dell provides services such as systems integration and infrastructure consulting. Dell Financial Services, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dell provides financial services to business and individual customers. The company was founded by Michael Dell, with a start-up capital of $1000, while he was a student at the University of Texas, at Austin, in 1984. Its original name was PC’s Limited. Four years after its inception, the company went public in 1989, raising $30 million in its IPO, thus increasing its market capitalization to $85 million. By 1989, the US sales of Dell had touched $257.8 million. By 1990, the company had set up subsidiaries in Italy and France to cater to the markets of Europe, Middle East, and Africa. Dell has successfully implemented Just-in-time manufacturing to effectively curtail inventory overheads. In 1997, the company was placed in the fourth position after IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Compaq, in the manufacture and sales of computers and related products.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

International Relations - Essay Example When this state of affairs took place in Europe, jobs were created for the increasing number of workers, but in poor countries, this economic manipulation has had a damaging impact, throwing a number of workers out of production. It thus impedes the launch into sustainable development and self-supported progress (Halevy 1981, 67-68). This is the inherent problem in the relationship between the core and periphery, which Immanuel Wallerstein attempted to resolve. But was he successful in resolving this problem? This essay thus tries to prove that he is indeed so. Overview of Wallerstein’s Theory of Semi-Periphery Immanuel Wallerstein tries to analyse and understand the growth of the West—the ‘core’—and the retarded growth of the third world—the ‘periphery’—as regards to world system governed by capitalistic structures which has facilitated economic penetration from the core to the periphery. As explained by Wallerstein, this world system which grew during the 16th century has shown the vital and extraordinary attribute of being economically integrated but politically disunited (Jackson & Sorensen 2007, 191). Earlier world systems were characterised by global empires where in massive stretches of lands, peopled by various racial/ethnic groups, were governed by a single political machinery. These empires were successful in acquiring huge quantities of surplus, for a while, by collecting taxes from faraway lands in return for political security (Jackson & Sorensen 2007, 191). Yet, eventually, the cost of sustaining this security (e.g. military expenses) exceeded the economic gains of exploitation and manipulation, and the systems were hence fated to collapse. On the contrary, the European world system has not been hindered by an overruling political body; thus its natural strength, stability, and flexibility. This system, on its own, has been able to acquire surplus which does not have to be used up on the preservation of world order; thus, it on its own has been a major contributor to the growth of capitalism (Baylis, Smith, & Owens 2008). An economic world system was not merely favourable for the growth of capitalism; it was a requisite of it. This is due to the fact that crucial, initial capital accumulation did not take place substantially in the ‘core’ where in capitalist structures in fact grew, but instead in the ‘periphery’, from which it was embezzled through the world system dynamics for the core’s interest and gains. Such initial capital accumulation in the periphery was facilitated because the capitalist ventures of landholders there had enhanced productivity by opening up ventures with low ‘per capita output’ such as major plantations (Halevy 1981, 68). Forced labour and cash crop, which supported these ventures in the periphery, was hence the important foundation for the preliminary growth of capitalism in core countries. Th e capitalist landholders of the periphery have been trading their products on a global market and thus have been in constant rivalry against each other. The benefits of high output or productivity that they have attained have consequently been equalised by their products’ lower prices. Their boosts in efficiency and higher

Developmental Psychology and Children Essay Example for Free

Developmental Psychology and Children Essay This is a very important stage as it helps children to get ready for school as well as preparing them for their future learning and successes. From when child is born up until the age of 5, the children early-years experiences should be happy, active, exciting, fun and secure and to support their development, care and learning needs. In my setting children will be learning skills, acquiring new knowledge and demonstrating their understanding through 7 areas of learning and development. Children should mostly develop the 3 prime areas first. These are: †¢ Communication and language †¢ Physical development †¢ Personal, social and emotional development. These prime areas are those most essential for  the childs healthy development and future learning. As children grow, the prime areas will help them to develop skills in 4 specific areas. These are: †¢ Literacy †¢ Mathematics †¢ Understanding the world †¢ Expressive arts and design. These 7 areas are used to plan all children learning and activities. The key person teaching and supporting child will make sure all the activities are suited to childs unique needs. This its suitable for very young children, and its designed to be really flexible so that all staff in my setting can follow the childs unique needs and interests. Children in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) learn by playing and exploring, being active, and through creative and critical thinking which takes place both indoors and outside. In my setting I plan the activities based on the current interests and abilities of the children present. Sometimes the activities will be led by adults in order to practise and develop particular skills like using scissors or gluing, or learning new songs and rhymes to develop childrens awareness of sounds and letters. At other times children will select what they play with from a rich learning environment set up in the playroom or classroom. They will appear to be playing but, as this is how young children learn, they will be learning too. Washing the dolls clothes for instance helps develop physical skills, and gives the opportunity to communicate and co-operate with others, and to discover the properties of water and detergent. In the table above is a short meaning of the seven areas of learning and development that must shape educational programmes in early-years settings. All areas of learning and development are important and inter-connected. Three areas are particularly crucial for igniting childrens curiosity and enthusiasm for learning, and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive. Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates. The framework covers the education and care of all children in early-years provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities. The EARLY YEARS FOUNDATION STAGE (EYFS) is a term defined in Section 39 of  the British governments Childcare Act 2006. The EYFS comprises a set of _Welfare Requirements_ and a set of _Learning and Development Requirements_, which must be followed by providers of care for children below 5 years old the age of compulsory education in the United Kingdom. The Welfare and Learning and Development requirements are not specified in the Act but in separate. The legislation took effect from September 2008 and updated in 2012. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have separate framework. The Welfare requirements apply to the whole of the UK, but the Learning and Development requirements apply only in England. The EYFS is organised into 4 themes: -a unique child -positive relationships -enabling environments -learning and development The EYFS is linked to the Every Child Matters (ECM) agenda which has 5 areas that need to be addressed: -staying safe -being healthy -enjoy and achieve -make a positive contribution -achieve economic well-being The purpose of the ECM agenda is to ensure that all children are safe, have their needs met and are able to fulfil their full potential. _1.2 DESCRIBE THE DOCUMENTED OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN THAT FORM PART OF THE RELEVANT EARLY YEARS FRAMEWORK_ The Early Years Foundation Stage was designed to ensure that all children-regardless of where they live, their family background or circumstances-would have access to a quality early years education. To be able to measure this and also to ensure that practitioners have a clear focus for their work, a series of outcomes is given for each area of learning. These are called the Early Learning Goals. This helps that each child can meet them by the end of their reception year. These goals are important as they form the building blocks for childrens later education. It is important that practitioners recognise that many of the early Learning Goals are also associated with childrens development and so while it is reasonable to expect children to meet them at the end of the reception year, they are not meant to be used as outcomes in nurseries or pre-schools. It is also worth noting that some children will for a variety of reasons not meet  all the early Goals as they may have specific hea lth or learning difficulties or because they are simply younger than the other children. Every child deserves the best possible start in life and all support to full-fill their potential. A childs experience in the early years has a major impact on their future life chances. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important. When parents choose to use early years services they want to know that setting will keep their children safe and will help their children to thrive. The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is the framework that provides that assurance. The overarching aim of the EYFS is to help young children achieve the five Every Child Matters outcomes of staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution, and achieving economic well-being. Personal social and emotional development children need to develop a positive sense of themselves and of others, to learn respect for others, social skills and a positive disposition for learning. Self-confidence and self-esteem, behaviour and self-control helping children to understand their emotions and how to express those emotions, self-care children needs to be able to do tasks like dressing and feeding , sense of community learning where a child has come from respect for others and inclusion. The EYFS was designed to ensure all children are treated the same no matter where they have come from that they would have access to the same education to measure this and to ensure practitioners have a clear focus for their work a series of outcomes id given for each learning area these are called early years goals this is done by the end of the reception year. A UNIQUE CHILD Every child is a unique child who is constantly learning and can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured. I understand and observe each childs development and learning, assess progress, plan for their next steps. I support children to develop a positive sense of their own identity and culture. I identify any need for additional support. I keep children safe. I value and respect all children and their families equally. Positive Relationships children learn to be strong and independent through positive relationships. POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS ARE warm and loving, and foster a sense of belonging sensitive and responsive to the childs needs, feelings and interests supportive of the childs own efforts and independence consistent in setting clear boundaries and stimulating children Enabling Environments children learn and develop well in enabling environments, in which their experiences respond to their individual needs and there is a strong partnership between practitioners and parents and carers. ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS †¢ value all people †¢ value learning †¢ I offer stimulating resources to all the childrens cultures and communities †¢ learning opportunities through play and playful teaching †¢ I support children to take risks and explore Learning and Development Children develop and learn in different ways. The framework covers the education and care of all children in early-years provision, including  children with special educational needs and disabilities. In my setting I teach children by ensuring challenging, playful opportunities across the prime and specific areas of learning and development. Children start to learn about the world around them from the moment they are born. The care and education offered by our setting helps children to continue to do this by providing all of the children with interesting activities that are appropriate for their age and stage of development. The Areas of Development and Learning comprise of three prime areas; personal, social and emotional development; communication and language physical development; and four specific areas: Literacy Mathematics Understanding of the World Expressive Arts and Design; For each area, the practice guidance sets out the Early Learning Goals. These goals state what it is expected that children will know and be able to do by the end of the reception year of their education. The practice guidance also sets out in Development Matters the likely stages of progress a child makes along their learning journey towards the early learning goals. Our setting has regard to these matters when we assess children and plan for their learning. _Personal, social and emotional development_ Our programme supports children to develop: positive approaches to learning and finding out about the world around them; confidence in themselves and their ability to do things, and valuing their own achievements; their ability to get on, work and make friendships with other people, both children and adults; their awareness of, and being able to keep to, the rules which we all need to help us to look after ourselves, other people and our environment; their ability to dress and undress themselves, and look after their personal hygiene needs; and their ability to expect to have their ways of doing things respected and to respect other peoples ways of doing things. _Communication, language and literacy_ Our programme supports children to develop: conversational skills with one other person, in small groups and in large groups to talk with and listen to others; their vocabulary by learning the meaning of and being able to use new words; their ability to use words to describe their experiences; their knowledge of the sounds and letters that make up the words we use; their ability to listen to, and talk about, stories; knowledge of how to handle books and that they can be a source of stories and information; knowledge of the purposes for which we use writing; and making their own attempts at writing. _Mathematics_ Our programme supports children to develop: understanding and ideas about how many, how much, how far and how big; understanding and ideas about patterns, the shape of objects and parts of objects, and the amount of space taken up by objects; understanding that numbers help us to answer questions about how many, how much, how far and how big; understanding and ideas about how to use counting to find out how many; and  early ideas about the result of adding more or taking away from the amount we already have. _Understanding of the World_ Our programme supports children to develop: knowledge about the natural world and how it works; knowledge about the made world and how it works; their learning about how to choose, and use, the right tool for a task; their learning about computers, how to use them and what they can help us to do; their skills on how to put together ideas about past and present and the links between them; their learning about their locality and its special features; and their learning about their own and other cultures. _Physical development_ Our programme supports children to develop: increasing control over the large movements that they can make with their arms, legs and bodies, so that they can run, jump, hop, skip, roll, climb, balance and lift; increasing control over the small movements they can make with their arms, wrists and hands, so that they can pick up and use objects, tools and materials; and their understanding about the importance of, and how to look after, their bodies. _Expressive Art and Design_ Our programme supports children to develop: the use of paint, materials, music, dance, words, stories and role-play to express their ideas and feelings; and  their interest in the way that paint, materials, music, dance, words, stories and role-play can be used to express ideas and feelings. _Assessment (learning journal, progress checks)_ I assess how young children are learning and developing by observing them frequently. I use information that I gain from observations, as well as from photographs of the children, to document their progress and where this may be leading them. I believe that parents know their children best and I ask them to contribute to the learning journals by sharing information about what their children like to do at home and how they as parents are supporting development. I make periodic assessment summaries of childrens achievement based on our on-going development records. These form part of childrens records of achievement. I undertake these assessment summaries at regular intervals as well as times of transition, such as when a child moves into a different group or when they go on to school. _1.3 EXPLAIN HOW THE DOCUMENTED OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED AND RECORDED_ Assessment plays an important part in helping parents, carers and practitioners to recognise childrens progress, understand their needs, and to plan activities and support. On-going assessment (also known as formative assessment) is an integral part of the learning and development process. It involves practitioners observing children to understand their level of achievement, interests and learning styles, and to then shape learning experiences for each child reflecting those observations. In their interactions with children, practitioners should respond to their own day-to-day observations about childrens progress and observations that parents share. EYFS 2012 All effective assessment involves analysing and reviewing what you know about each childs development and learning. You can then make informed decisions about the childs progress and plan next steps to meet their development and learning needs. This is called assessment for learning. EYFS 2012 Formative assessment is the type of assessment based on observations, photographs, videos, things children have made or drawn and information from parents. It informs or guides everyday planning. Summative assessment is a summary of all the formative assessment done over a long period and makes a statement about the childs achievements. The Early Years Foundation Stage Profile is the summative assessment completed by practitioners at the end of the EYFS. EYFS Practice Guidance 2007 In the final term of the year in which the child reaches age five, and no later than 30 June in that term, the EYFS Profile must be completed for each child. The Profile provides parents and carers, practitioners and teachers with a well-rounded picture of a childs knowledge, understanding and abilities, their progress against expected levels, and their readiness for Year 1. The Profile must reflect: on-going observation, all relevant records held by the setting, discussions with parents and carers, and any other adults whom the teacher, parent or carer judges can offer a useful contribution. Year 1 teachers must be given a copy of the Profile report together with a short commentary on each childs skills and abilities in relation to the three key characteristics of effective learning. These should inform a dialogue between Reception and Year 1 teachers about each childs stage of development and learning needs and assist with the planning of activities in Year 1. EYFS 2012 In my setting we reflect on the different ways that children learn and reflect these in our practice. The three characteristics of effective teaching and learning are: _playing and_ _exploring_ children investigate and experience things, and have a go _active learning_ children concentrate and keep on trying if they encounter difficulties, and enjoy achievements _creating and thinking critically_ children have and develop their own ideas, make links between ideas, and develop strategies for doing things My setting curriculum is planned and delivered with every child at the heart  of what we do. Every childs needs are met through a personalised learning journey in partnership with parents, carers and other professionals. We report on these aspects when a child transfers to a different setting or school. My setting provide accurate and up to date information about each childs learning and development and we are able to share this with parents and professionals associated with each child in order for each child to make the best progress possible. In my setting I observe children throughout the day, inside and outside accessing a range of opportunities which can be adult led or child led. Parents have access to their childrens records at all times. Records will be updated termly and a development folder should document the childs learning journey. Assessment should identify/highlight any children not making progress so that measures can be put into place to ensure that all children make progress. Assessment is used to ensure early intervention takes place and the gap is closed between those who achieve and those who do not. Children should be assessed in their home language where appropriate and the progress should be tracked. Children learn best when they are happy, relaxed, stimulated and involved. In my setting I encourage children to think, explore, play, take risks, question, talk, listen, show, create, share, celebrate, be, learn, grow, know and develop. Through the setting we visit the child and family at home and get to know them, we ask the family to fill out an all about me form to share information, we take photographs and videos of children learning, we make observation notes about the childrens successes, we valuate group time planning, we give feedback to children and parents about their progress and what steps come next. In my setting we create and maintain a green  developmental book on each key child, we mark off development matters statements as they are achieved, we inform the Special Educational Needs Co-ordinator SENCO if we have concerns about a childs progress. My setting set targets for the school relating to curriculum areas and identify target children who may need additional support with their learning. My setting support, monitor and develop this through: Observation and monitoring of the procedures Continually developing strategies which improve assessment and record keeping Communication and partnership with parents and other agencies to share skills and ideas Internal moderation of records Staff development and discussion Related reading Attending courses All about me form Development Matters records Long Observation sheets Group Time planning sheet Well Being and Involvement Scales Language Assessments Transition Document RESOURCES: Books: Level 3 Diploma Children and Young Peoples Workforce by Penny Tassoni EYMP 2 Promote learning and development in the early years Cache Level 3 Diploma Children and Young Peoples Workforce by Carolyn Meggitt EYMP 2 Promote learning and development in the early years www.early-years.org www.nicurriculum.org www.foundationphasewales.com www.early-education.org.uk

Guns in the Cockpit Essay -- Terrorism Airlines Security Safety Essays

Guns in the Cockpit On the morning of September 11, 2001, four airplanes were hijacked and two of them, brought the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in New York City. As a result of these attacks on the United States, airports have come to the realization that the only way to prevent another hijacking is by strengthening the security on aircrafts through the cockpit. In order to secure the cockpit and ensure the safety of the passengers on board, guns were introduced as a possible solution in the event of an emergency situation like those that took place in September of 2001. The Transportation Security Administration head John Magaw, announced the administrations position that they are against guns in cockpits and a pilot should give full, undivided attention to flying his plane. He believes that pilots can use their plane as their line of defense by landing it as quickly as possible and conducting in-flight maneuvers to keep the hijackers off balance (MSNBC 3). John Magaw believes that pilots have to make use with what they have. Captain Tracy Price, head of the Airline Pilots Security Alliance who supports equipping the cockpit with guns, stated, We advocate arming airline pilots with firearms to provide a last resort, final line of defense of passengers, crew and innocent civilians on the ground, in a press conference in Washington D.C. (Pilots 1). She believes that the pilots need more than just their own plane as a weapon against a hijacker, but a gun as well. But in truth, both of these opposing sides are working toward the same goal, to secure the cockpit and making the flying of an aircraft a safe experience for all of those on board. In the events that took place on September 11, the future terrorists... ...daily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=28406> House Oks guns in cockpits. July 2002. MSNBC News. 13 Nov. 2002 Senator calls for arming pilots. Jon Dougherty. Mar. 2002. World Net Daily. 13 Nov. 2002 House votes to allow guns in cockpit. July 2002. CNN. 13 Nov. 2002. Drawing a bead on guns in the cockpit. Elliott Hester. Sept. 2002. St. Petersburg Times. 13 Nov. 2002 Press Conference with Senator Robert Smith (R-NH); Senator Conrad Burns (R-MT); and Senator Barbra Boxer (D-CA). Press Conference or Speech- LEXIS NEXIS (search engine) 10 Wed. July 2002. Federal News Service. 10 Nov. 2002

Communications Plan Essay

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and TSA awarded a $37m grant for expansion projects at Denver International Airport. These funds are being used for the master plan projects. Approximately $11.6m will go towards rehabilitating runway 8/26, and over $1.7m will be used to improve the taxiway system surrounding Jeppesen Terminal. About $8.7m will be used to upgrade runway 16L/34R. About $15m from the TSA grant will be spent on improving the airport’s baggage screening system. Stakeholder Analysis To examine the role of the airport stakeholders a precise definition of stakeholders and their goals for the airport is necessary. The purpose of this section is to identify the airport’s goals from the point of view of each stakeholder group. 1) Passengers For passengers, the airport provides a transition point between the ground and air transportation modes, or a connection point between two flights. Different sub-types of passengers have been identified (Neufville & Odoni 2003): 1) Arriving passengers 2) Originating passengers 3) Transfer passengers 4) International and domestic passengers 5) Charter and low-fare airline passengers 6) Shuttle/commuter passengers These passenger types are not mutually exclusive; rather, an individual passenger may be a member of more than one subtype of passenger categories. Arriving and originating passengers are commonly referred to as origin and destination (O&D) passengers. Independent of the passenger classifications according to the above attributes, the passengers may be viewed in two different capacities in the context of this analysis. First, passengers can be viewed as participants in the economic system, either as business travelers or as tourist/leisure travelers, purchasing services from airport service providers and interacting in different ways with local businesses and the local community. Second, passengers can be viewed as individual travelers that have expectations about receiving quality services, and passing through the airport system in a convenient manner. These two perspectives have different implications on the goals for the airports and will be treated separately in the following sub sections. a) Passengers as Economic Participants Passengers may participate in the economic system in one of several ways: 1) As origin leisure/personal travelers: These are passengers from the local community that use the airport as their departure point for leisure or other personal travel. 2) As origin business travelers: These are travelers representing local businesses, using the airport as their departure point. 3) As destination leisure/personal travelers: These are visitors to the region, for tourism or other personal purposes. 4) As destination business travelers: These are business travelers coming to visit local businesses. If the airport’s traffic is heavily geared toward O&D traffic, then demand at the airport is more heavily dictated by the local economy. In contrast, significant connecting (transfer) passenger levels are less sensitive to the performance of the local economy, but those traffic volumes may represent vulnerability for the airport since they are to a greater degree dictated by a carrier’s viability and route decisions. Passengers contribute toward the financing of airport capital improvement projects through Passenger Facility Charges (PFCs) of up to $4.50 per passenger. PFCs are paid directly by passengers through airline tickets and proceeds must be used for capital improvements at the airport that collected them (Wells & Young 2003). The goals for passengers as economic participants relates to the cost of travel: Providing access to low airfares is a key objective for the airport in the view of air passengers. b) Passenger as Travelers When considering the passengers as travelers as a stakeholder group, the focus is on the passenger as an individual. The goal of the airport from the individual passenger viewpoint is, moving passengers quickly and conveniently to where they need to go. This view considers the airport as a transit point from one mode of transportation to another, or as a connection point between two different flights. Ensuring on-time performance was raised as the most important aspect to achieving this objective. 2) Business, Commerce, Tourism, Arts, Sports, and Education Organizations The organizations that in various ways are customers of the airport have been summarized as â€Å"business, commerce, tourism, arts, sports, and education organizations†. Some organizations are direct users of the airport by importing or exporting services (i.e. business travelers) and goods (raw materials or finished goods). Other organizations are indirect customers of the airport as a result of their custome rs (e.g. tourists) traveling through the airport. The term â€Å"organizations† is used to encompass both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Organizations Organizations whose clients arrive through the airport Organizations that are direct users of the airport Importers of services and goods Exporters of services and goods The airport serves as an engine of business activity for the organizations in the region. The airport drives and supports economic activity in several different ways, including both through business activities directly at the airport and through business activities throughout the regional economy (Button & Stough 2000). Underlying goals for maximizing this economic activity include maximizing passenger volumes and traffic at the airport as well as maximizing the number of destinations served and the frequency of those services (Matt Erskine, Greater Washington Board of Trade 2009). As a result of the different types of use of the airport described in the previous paragraph, the priority of one goal over another varies between organizations. 3) Air Carriers Air carriers provide the air transportation service from the airports. Air carriers include both passenger and cargo carriers and are classified into three subcategories (Environmental Protection Agency 2000): 1) Large certified carriers: These carriers have a certificate to carry 61 passengers or more, payload equal to or greater than 18,000 pounds, or conduct international operations. 2) Small certified carriers: These carriers fly aircraft that carry less than 61 passengers, carry less than 18,000 pounds, and do not conduct international operations. 3) Commuter carriers: These are air taxis with a published schedule of at least five weekly round trips between at least two airports. Air carriers select airports based on the passenger demand for service to/from the airports (i.e. revenue generation potential) and based on the cost of operating at the airport. The airlines have the objective of achieving high yields, (Doganis 2002). Airports serve the role of providing access to high yield markets. Attractive airports ensure low cost of air carrier operations at the airport. This includes both minimizing direct fees charged to air carriers through the maximization of non-aeronautical revenues (Dallas Dawson, Tampa International Airport 2009) and minimizing costs incurred by air carriers through delay on the ground (Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009). An airport may serve either as a hub for a carrier, with a high portion of that carrier’s flights operating to/from the airport, or as a non-hub airport with a lower portion of flights for a given carrier (Belobaba et al. 2009). In either situation, the airport should act as an efficient hub/connection point, contributing to ensuring air carriers’ on time performance (Pat Oldfield, United Airlines 2009). In addition, it is the expectation of air carriers that airports ensure safety of operations on the airport surface (Kurt Krummenacker, Mood y’s 2009). 4) General Aviation Users General aviation encompasses many types of aviation outside the air carrier definition, including (Wells & Young 2003). 1) Air taxi operators (except those air taxi operators listed in section IV.A.3) 2) Corporate-executive transportation 3) Flight instruction 4) Aircraft rental 5) Aerial application 6) Aerial observation 7) Business 8) Pleasure Several of the goals listed for air carriers also apply to general aviation in terms of on-time performance, low costs, and safety. However, a representative of a business aviation organization defined the primary goal of airports as serving as access point to the national air transportation system by providing good availability and high capabilities in terms of instrumentation and services (Jeff Gilley, National Business Aviation Association 2009). 5) Airport Organization The airport organizational structure varies (Neufville & Odoni 2003) and can be comprised of an individual airport such as Dallas Fort Worth Airport (DFW) (DFW Airport 2009) or as a group of airports managed by the same organization, such as the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) (Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority 2009). The airport organization is overseen by a board appointed by local governments. In larger airports or systems of airports, a common feature is that the organization includes a separation of operating units which carry out on-going management of airport operations, and they are separate from staff units which have responsibility for (among several other areas) infrastructure development (Neufville & Odoni 2003). The airport itself pays for some capital infrastructure projects. Airport operating revenues come from sources such as landing fees, terminal leases and proceeds from concessions sales. This revenue is used to pay for the airport’s operating expense, but any surplus can be used to contribute toward capital improvements. A set of goals for the airport organization can be derived from studying airports’ strategic plans and objectives and from interviewing airport management experts. The primary objective (sometimes referred to as the â€Å"mission†) of the airport is to provide access to high quality air services to its region. Other goals, such as ensuring strong financial performance and high operational efficiency, are considered as â€Å"means to an end† in that they enable the airport to achieve this overarching goal (DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). A summary view of the airport’s goals is presented using the structure of Denver International Airport’s strategic plan (Denv er International Airport 2009): 1) Excel in airport management: This goal includes: a) Achieve high security and safety (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) b) Grow revenue and manage costs (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006) c) Drive economic growth (Denver International Airport 2009) d) Grow passenger numbers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) e) Provide access to a high number of destinations and a high frequency of service (Denver International Airport 2009). This goal relates immediately to the primary objective of the airport described above. Airport management must also achieve a balance where sufficient infrastructure capacity exists for handling traffic while capacity is at the same time not over-built (Paul McKnight, Jacobs Consultancy 2009; Frank Berardino, GRA Inc 2009). Additionally, a key objective for airports is to maximize non-aeronautical revenues since that provides diversified revenues and allows for keeping usage charges to air carriers low, thereby potentially attracting more traffic (Chellie Cameron, MWAA 2009; Peter Stettler, Ricondo and Associates 2009; Seth Lehman and Emma Walker, Fitch Ratings 2009). 2) Provide high levels of customer service: This goal includes ensuring a good experience for both passengers and other customers (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009; DFW Airport 2008; Hillsborough County Aviation Authority 2006). 3) Develop environmentally sustainable practices and minimize noise: This goal includes minimizing emissions, energy consumption, etc., within the airport (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some airports, such as Sea-Tac, are also beginning to expand their focus by considering greenhouse gas emissions not only from the airport-controlled operations but also from airlines and other tenants as well as the public (Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport 2007). Related to this is the goal of minimizing airport-related noise (Neufville & Odonin2003). 4) Develop high-performing employee teams: This goal relates to developing effective and skilled employees (City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007; Denver International Airport 2009) and maximizing employee engagement (DFW Airport 2008). 5) Enhance competitive advantage: This goal includes providing competitive user rates and protecting the airport’s physical infrastructure (Denver International Airport 2009; City of Cleveland, Department of Port Control 2007). Some of these goals may be in competition with each other. For instance, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue can conflict with the goal of developing environmentally sustainability and providing a good experience for passengers: The latter two goals would be aided by promoting and developing access to public transportation access modes to the airport such as bus or rail. However, the goal of maximizing non-aeronautical revenue is better served by maximizing revenue-generation in the form of parking revenue from private vehicles. In such instances, airport management must balance the competing priorities in order to accomplish the goals of the airport. 6) Investors and Bond-Holders The majority of airport debt is of the general airport revenue bond (GARB) type. GARB means that the bond is backed by revenues generated from airport operations and not backed by any government funding source. The credit ratings agencies Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch Ratings participate in this system by assigning grades of investment quality to the airports’ bonds. The ratings agencies’ ratings affect the interest rates and terms of the bonds (Wells & Young 2003). A large number of factors impact the bond ratings, including: 1) Historical and projected population growth 2) Historical and projected employment expansion and mix 3) Passenger growth 4) Airport utilization trends 5) Portion of origin and destination (O&D) traffic 6) The importance of the facility to the overall US system of airports 7) Whether the airport is in a favorable geographic location (e.g. is it a natural hub location?) 8) Airfield capacity and attractiveness of facilities 9) Debt burden and carrying costs 10) Financial strength of carriers with a lot of connecting traffic, and their level of commitment to the airport 11) The role of the airport in the dominant carrier’s network 12) The level of legal flexibility for the airport to change the rates it charges air carriers 7) Concessionaires Airport concessionaires operate passenger services in terminal buildings and may include food and beverage services, retail services, and hotels. Concessions operators pay the airport organization a fixed annual fee and/or a percentage of gross revenues (Wells & Young 2003). Considering the concessions operators’ objective of maximizing profits, the goals of the airport for these operators are deduced to be maximizing passenger volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 8) Service Providers The service providers are private operators that offer services to air carriers and general aviation users. Independent operators may supply these services (e.g. fixed-base operators, FBOs), but some of the services may also be provided by the airport operator, the airline itself, or by another airline. Services provided include (Neufville & Odoni 2003): 1) Supply of aviation fuel and oil 2) Baggage handling and sorting 3) Loading and unloading of aircraft 4) Interior cleaning of aircraft 5) Toilet and water service 6) Passenger transport to/from remote stands 7) Catering transport 8) Routine inspection and maintenance of aircraft at the stands 9) Aircraft starting, marshalling, and parking 10) Aircraft de-icing 11) Passenger handling (e.g. ticketing and check-in) 12) Cargo and mail handling 13) Information services 14) Preparation of handling and load-control documents 15) Supervisory or administrative duties Similar to concessionaires, independent service providers pay a fee to the airport organization which is typically a percentage of gross revenues (Neufville & Odoni 2003). In a parallel to concessionaires, service provider goals for the airport would include maximizing traffic volumes and minimizing the fees paid to the airport organization. 9) Employees The employee category includes both direct employees of the airports organization as well as employees of companies operating at the airport, such as concessions operators. Some employees are organized into unions, such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU USW West 2009) and Unite Here (Unite Here 2009). The objective of the airport from the perspective of those unions is to provide secure jobs, wages, and benefits (Unite Here 2009). 10) Federal Government The federal government participates in the airport system in three different roles: As a bill-payer, as an operator, and as a regulator. Each of these roles will be addressed in this section. In terms of the government’s role as a bill payer for the system, the Airports Improvement Program (AIP) is administered by the FAA and its funding comes from the Airport and Airway Trust Fund, which in turn is funded by user fees and fuel taxes. AIP funds can be applied toward projects that support aircraft operations including runways, taxiways, aprons, noise abatement, land purchase, and safety, emergency or snow removal equipment. In order to be eligible for AIP funding, airports must be part of the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS), which imposes requirements on the airport for legal and financial compliance (Wells & Young 2003). The NPIAS has two goals: To ensure that airports are able to accommodate the growth in travel and to keep airports up to standards for the aircraft that use them (FAA 2008). The government’s role as airport operators includes three different agencies: 1) FAA: The FAA is the operator of ramp, ground, local, and departure/arrival air traffic control services (United States Code of Federal Regulations 2010). 2) Transportation Security Administration (TSA): The TSA provides passenger and baggage security screening services. The TSA states that it is the goal for its baggage screening operations to screen for explosives and other dangerous items while maximizing efficiency (Transportation Security Administration 2009). This can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. 3) Customs and Border Protection (CBP): The CBP is responsible for operating passport control and customs inspections at international airports. The CBP states that it is its mission to protect â€Å"our nation’s borders from terrorism, human and drug smuggling, illegal migration, and agricultural pests while simultaneously facilitating the flow of legitimate travel and trade† (Customs and Border Protection 2009). Just as for the TSA, this can be translated to state that it is the goal for the airport to ensure secure transportation of people and goods while minimizing the impact of security measures on legitimate travelers and goods. Lastly, the federal government is a regulator of the airports system. Airports that are included in the NPIAS are subject to a number of federal regulations that are enforced by the FAA and the Transportation Security Administration. The regulations apply to both the airport infrastructure as well as to service providers within the airport systems. The purpose of these rules is to ensure the safe and efficient operations of public-use airports (Wells & Young 2003). 11) Local Government US airports are with few exceptions not private, profitmaking enterprises. Instead, airports are typically owned and operated by public entities such as cities, counties, or local airport authorities (Neufville & Odoni 2003). For instance, Washington’s Dulles and National airports are owned and operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airport’s Authority (MWAA). The MWAA is officially a body independent of the local government but its board is appointed by the Governor of Virginia, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, the Governor of Maryland and the President of the United States). Similarly, Newark, LaGuardia, JFK, Stewart International, and Teterboro airports in metropolitan New York City are owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 2009). Dallas-Fort Worth Airport is jointly owned by the City of Dallas and the City of Forth Worth (DFW Airport 2009). The government owners in the form of city and local governments are represented by an airport board which is responsible for the strategic direction of the airport and for appointing airport management (Wells & Young 2003). The local government is supported in an advisory role by federally funded Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) who are charged with assisting in planning for aviation and other transportation infrastructure for the local region (Association of Metropolitan Planning Organizations 2010). State and local government also contribute as bill-payers for capital improvement projects (Airports Council International – North America 2009). The objectives of the airport from the point of view of the local government is representative of those of the local community it represents and involves both maximizing its positive effects while minimizing its negative effects. One form of positive impact of the airport is in the shape of economic effects. There is significant literature on the economic impact of airports. However, many studies are sponsored by the airports authorities themselves, making them more political than analytical. Although there may be no definitive measure of the economic impact of airports, a structure for the types of impacts of airports to their regional communities has proposed (Button & Stough 2000): 1) Short-term impact from construction, expansion, and renovation of airports 2) Sustained impact in the form of jobs at the airport (direct impact) and off-airport jobs that result from the â€Å"multiplier effect† of the income generated by employees at the airport 3) Stimulus of the local economy as a result of firms and individuals having air transportation services at their disposal 4) Spurring other economic development by crossing thresholds for economies of scale, scope, and density. The authors note that this last form of impact is very difficult to quantify. COMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Objectives The objective of this strategic communications plan is to serve as a road map for how communications will be done between members of the project team as well as the stakeholders.. This plan comprises objectives, strategies and tactics for how team correspondence will be performed between each facet of the project team.. Works Cited Kurt Krummenacker, Moody’s, 2009. Interview of Kurt Krummenacker, Moody’s, by David Schaar, George Mason University. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, 2009. Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Facts. Available at: http://www.mwaa.com/about_the_authority/facts [Accessed October 15, 2012]. Neufville, R.D. & Odoni, A.R., 2003. Airport systems, McGraw-Hill Professional. Port of Seattle, Sea-Tac Airport, 2007. Port of Seattle,Seattle-Tacoma International Airport,Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory – 2006, Sarkis, J., 2000. An analysis of the operational efficiency of major airports in the United States. Journal of Operations Management, 18(3), 335-351. Sarkis, J. & Talluri, S., 2004. Performance based clustering for benchmarking of US airports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 38(5), 329-346. Schap, D., 1986. Municipal ownership in the electric utility industry, Praeger. SEIU USW West, 2009. SEIU USW West – About Us. Available at: http://www.seiu-usww.org/about/Default.aspx [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Smith, D.M., 1979. Where the grass is greener, Taylor & Francis. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 2009. Overview of Facilities and Services – About the Port Authority. Available at: http://www.panynj.gov/about/facilities-services.html [Accessed October 18, 2012]. Transportation Security Administration, 2009. Transportation Security Administration – What We Do. Available at: http://www.tsa.gov/what_we_do/index.shtm [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Unite Here, 2009. Unite Here. Available at: http://www.unitehere.org/about/airports.php [Accessed October 16, 2012]. United States Code of Federal Regulations, 2010. Title 14,Part 91. Available at: [Accessed February 5, 2010]. Upham, P.J., 2003. Towards sustainable aviation,Earthscan. US-Citizens Aviation Watch, 2009. US-Citizens AviationWatch. Available at: http://www.us-caw.org/ [Accessed October 16, 2012]. Wells, A.T. & Young, S.B., 2003. Airport planning &management, McGraw-Hill Professional. White, E.T., 1976. Utilities, Dept. of Defense, National Defense University, Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Wolfe, H.P. & NewMyer, D.A., 1985. Aviation industry regulation, SIU Press.